Journal: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)

Article Title: A Preclinical Study Combining the DNA Repair Inhibitor Dbait with Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Melanoma 1

doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.08.008

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Dbait on H2AX phosphorylation. (A) SK28 and 501mel melanoma cells were transfected with an inactive control oligonucleotide or Dbait ± NU7026 (DNA-PK inhibitor). Immunofluorescence of γ-H2AX (red) and chromatin (DAPI; blue) was visualized. Dbait treatment led to non-localized pan-nuclear H2AX phosphorylation evidencing Dbait activity. This activity was dependent on DNA-PK activation. Bar, 50 μm. (B) SK28 melanoma cells were transfected with an inactive control oligonucleotide or Dbait. Immunofluorescence of γ-H2AX (red) and chromatin (DAPI; blue) was visualized immediately after irradiation and/or Dbait treatment. Irradiation alone resulted in localized γ-H2AX foci representing radio-induced DNA DSBs; Dbait treatment with or without irradiation led to non-localized pan-nuclear H2AX phosphorylation evidencing Dbait activity. Bar, 30 μm. (C) SK28 cells were transduced with lentiviruses that express either control, non-targeting shRNA, or shRNA targeting DNA-PKcs. After Dbait transfection, cells were immunostained with mouse monoclonal anti–DNA-PKcs or anti–γ-H2AX. Dbait activity was not detected in cells transduced with shRNA targeting DNA-PKcs. Bar, 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Subconfluent SK28 cells were transduced with lentiviruses that expressed either the control, non-targeting shRNA (shCTL; sc-108080; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, (Dallas, Texas, USA)), or shRNA targeting DNA-PKcs (shDNA-PK; sc-35200-V; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at a multiplicity of infection of 3 using polybrene (5 μg/ml).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Transfection, Control, Immunofluorescence, Activity Assay, Activation Assay, Irradiation, Transduction, shRNA

Journal: Biofactors (Oxford, England)

Article Title: ASNS Regulates H 2 O 2 ‐Induced Senescence, Oxidative Stress, and Glucose Metabolism in ARPE ‐19 Cells by Modulating USP13 Expression

doi: 10.1002/biof.70057

Figure Lengend Snippet: ASNS enhanced H 2 O 2 ‐induced retinal cell proliferation and attenuated senescence. ARPE‐19 cells were transfected with shASNS or ASNS‐OE. (A) The mRNA expression of ASNS was detected by RT‐qPCR. (B) The protein expression of ASNS was detected by WB. ARPE‐19 cells were divided into H 2 O 2 + shCtrl, H 2 O 2 + shASNS or H 2 O 2 + NC, H 2 O 2 + ASNS‐OE groups. (C) CCK8 assay was utilized to assess cell viability in H 2 O 2 ‐treated ARPE‐19 cells. (D) SA‐β‐gal staining experiments were conducted in the above groups. (E) Measurement of intracellular ROS in the above groups. (F) The protein expression of P53, P21, P16 was detected by WB. (G) The level of GSH and MDA detected by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Lentiviral vectors interfering with ASNS and USP13 expression (shASNS and shUSP13) and the negative control shCtrl were synthesized by GeneChem (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Transfection, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, CCK-8 Assay, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Biofactors (Oxford, England)

Article Title: ASNS Regulates H 2 O 2 ‐Induced Senescence, Oxidative Stress, and Glucose Metabolism in ARPE ‐19 Cells by Modulating USP13 Expression

doi: 10.1002/biof.70057

Figure Lengend Snippet: ASNS regulated glucose metabolism pathways in H 2 O 2 ‐induced retinal cells. ARPE‐19 cells were divided into H 2 O 2 + shCtrl, H 2 O 2 + shASNS or H 2 O 2 + NC, H 2 O 2 + ASNS‐OE groups. (A) Detection of glucose uptake using a kit in H 2 O 2 ‐treated ARPE‐19 cells. (B) Detection of lactate production using a kit in H 2 O 2 ‐treated ARPE‐19 cells. (C) Measuring ECAR in H 2 O 2 ‐treated ARPE‐19 cells using the XF‐96 extracellular flux analyzer. (D) Measuring OCR in H 2 O 2 ‐treated ARPE‐19 cells using the XF‐96 extracellular flux analyzer. (E) The mRNA expression of Glut1, Glut4, HK2, and PGK1was detected by RT‐qPCR. (F) The protein expression of Glut1, Glut4, HK2, and PGK1was detected by WB. (G) The protein expression of HIF‐1α was detected by WB. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Lentiviral vectors interfering with ASNS and USP13 expression (shASNS and shUSP13) and the negative control shCtrl were synthesized by GeneChem (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Biofactors (Oxford, England)

Article Title: ASNS Regulates H 2 O 2 ‐Induced Senescence, Oxidative Stress, and Glucose Metabolism in ARPE ‐19 Cells by Modulating USP13 Expression

doi: 10.1002/biof.70057

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of ASNS's impact on the AMD disease process in vivo. Sprague–Dawley rats injected with sodium iodate (30 mg/kg body weight) and divided into MOCK group (No lentivirus injections, n = 10), shCtrl group (Injection of shCtrl lentivirus, n = 10), and shASNS (Injection of shASNS lentivirus, n = 10) group. (A) H&E staining analysis of rat retinal tissues in each group. (B) SA‐β‐gal staining of rat retinal tissues were conducted in the above groups. (C) Measuring ECAR and OCR in retinal tissues using the XF‐96 extracellular flux analyzer. (D) The mRNA expression of Glut1, Glut4, HK2, and PGK1 in retinal tissues was detected by RT‐qPCR. (E) The protein expression of Glut1, Glut4, HK2, and PGK1 in retinal tissues was detected by WB. (F) The protein expression of ASNS and USP13 in retinal tissues was detected by WB. (G) IF was used to analyze the expression of ASNS and USP1 in retinal tissues. (H) The protein expression of HIF‐1α in retinal tissues was detected by WB. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Lentiviral vectors interfering with ASNS and USP13 expression (shASNS and shUSP13) and the negative control shCtrl were synthesized by GeneChem (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, In Vivo, Injection, Staining, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Biofactors (Oxford, England)

Article Title: ASNS Regulates H 2 O 2 ‐Induced Senescence, Oxidative Stress, and Glucose Metabolism in ARPE ‐19 Cells by Modulating USP13 Expression

doi: 10.1002/biof.70057

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of USP13's impact on the AMD disease process in vivo. Sprague–Dawley rats injected with sodium iodate (30 mg/kg body weigh) and divided into MOCK group (No lentivirus injections, n = 10), shCtrl group (Injection of shCtrl lentivirus, n = 10), and shUSP13 (Injection of shUSP13 lentivirus, n = 10) group. (A) H&E staining analysis of rat retinal tissues in each group. (B) SA‐β‐gal staining of rat retinal tissues were conducted in the above groups. (C) Measuring ECAR and OCR in retinal tissues using the XF‐96 extracellular flux analyzer. (D) The mRNA expression of Glut1, Glut4, HK2, and PGK1 in retinal tissues was detected by RT‐qPCR. (E) The protein expression of Glut1, Glut4, HK2, and PGK1 in retinal tissues was detected by WB. (F) The protein expression of USP13 in retinal tissues was detected by WB. (G) The protein expression of HIF‐1α in retinal tissues was detected by WB. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Lentiviral vectors interfering with ASNS and USP13 expression (shASNS and shUSP13) and the negative control shCtrl were synthesized by GeneChem (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, In Vivo, Injection, Staining, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: International Journal of Biological Sciences

Article Title: GATA Binding Protein 4 Regulates Tooth Root Dentin Development via FBP1

doi: 10.7150/ijbs.36567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of GATA4 on odontoblasts polarization, cell proliferation and secretion of root dentin matrix. ( A ) H&E-stained sections of the mandibular first molars showed that the odontoblasts have shorter height and flattened morphology in Wnt1-Cre;GATA4 fl/fl mice at P14 and P21 (Bar: 50 μm). ( B-E ) Immunohistochemistry staining images showing expression levels of DSPP (B), COL-1 (C), DCN (D), and PCNA (E) in root of Wnt1-Cre;GATA4 fl/fl mice at P14. ( F ) The height of odontoblasts was measured. Quantitative assessment of the molar root odontoblasts height from (A) at P14 and P21. ( G-J ) Percentages of DSPP (G), COL-1 (H), DCN (I), and PCNA-positive (J) cells in the control and mutant groups were calculated. ( K ) Double-labeled fluorescent immunostaining of DAPI-stained cell nuclei (blue), GFP (green), and merged images in tooth root at P17 after the injetion in vivo (Bar: 50 μm). ( L ) H&E-stained sections of the mandibular first molars showed that root dentin thickness was increased in GATA4 OE group mice at P17 (Bar: 50 μm). ( M ) Quantitative assessment of the molar root dentin thickness at P17. ( N ) Expression of GATA4 after lentivirus injected at P17 (Bar: 100 μm). ( O ) Percentages of GATA4-positive cells in the two groups were calculated. ( P ) Immunohistochemistry staining images showing expression levels of DSPP, COL-1, and DCN in root of mice at P17. ( Q ) Percentages of DSPP, COL-1, and DCN-positive cells in the two groups were calculated. Data expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Recombinant lentivirus of shRNA target GATA4 (shGATA4; 5′-GAATAAATCTAAGACACCA-3′), control lentivirus (shCTRL; 5′-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3′), lentivirus to overexpress GATA4 (pcDNA-GATA4) and blank lentivirus were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, Control, Mutagenesis, Labeling, Immunostaining, In Vivo, Injection, Standard Deviation

Journal: International Journal of Biological Sciences

Article Title: GATA Binding Protein 4 Regulates Tooth Root Dentin Development via FBP1

doi: 10.7150/ijbs.36567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of DPSCs and expression of GATA4 in DPSCs. ( A ) Flow chart explaining cells isolation, culture and collection for FCM analyses. ( B, C ) Flow cytometry demonstrated that DPSCs expressed mesenchymal markers (CD44 and CD90) at a high level and generated the hematopoietic makers (CD14 and CD45) at a low level. ( D ) After mineralization for 3, 7, and 14 days, GATA4 protein expression was assessed at the indicated time points by western blotting. ( E ) DPSCs infected with lentivirus as assessed by fluorescence microscopy (Bar: 50 μm). ( F ) Efficiency of GATA4 knockdown after infection with lentivirus was analysed by western blotting. ( G ) Quantitative analysis of western blotting bands from (D) is shown as the ratio of GATA4 to GAPDH. ( H ) Quantitative analysis of western blotting bands from (F) is shown as the ratio of GATA4 to GAPDH. Data expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. ** P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Recombinant lentivirus of shRNA target GATA4 (shGATA4; 5′-GAATAAATCTAAGACACCA-3′), control lentivirus (shCTRL; 5′-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3′), lentivirus to overexpress GATA4 (pcDNA-GATA4) and blank lentivirus were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Isolation, Flow Cytometry, Generated, Western Blot, Infection, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Knockdown, Standard Deviation

Journal: International Journal of Biological Sciences

Article Title: GATA Binding Protein 4 Regulates Tooth Root Dentin Development via FBP1

doi: 10.7150/ijbs.36567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of GATA4 on migration, proliferation and odonto/osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs. ( A ) Effect of GATA4 knockdown on cell migration was assessed by wound scratch assays (Bar: 100 μm). ( B ) Effect of GATA4 knockdown on cell migration was assessed by transwell assay (Bar: 100 μm). ( C ) ALP staining observed after 7 days of mineralization (Bar: 100 μm). ( D ) After mineralization for 14 days, alizarin red staining was performed and observed with an image scanner (upper) and under a microscope (lower) (Bar: 100 μm). ( E ) The CCK8 assay was used to analyse the proliferation of DPSCs after infection with GATA4 lentivirus. ( F ) Quantitative assessment of ALP-positive areas. ( G ) Semi-quantitative estimation of calcium. ( H ) Expression levels of odonto/osteogenic-related genes (DSPP, BMP4, RUNX2, OSX, OPN, and OCN) were assessed by western blotting. ( I ) Quantitative analysis of western blotting bands from (H). ( J ) Expressions of odonto/osteogenic markers (Dspp, Dmp1, Col1a1, Bmp4, Runx2, Osx, Ocn, and Alp) were assessed by qRT-PCR. (Bar: 100 μm). Data expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; n = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Recombinant lentivirus of shRNA target GATA4 (shGATA4; 5′-GAATAAATCTAAGACACCA-3′), control lentivirus (shCTRL; 5′-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3′), lentivirus to overexpress GATA4 (pcDNA-GATA4) and blank lentivirus were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Migration, Knockdown, Transwell Assay, Staining, Microscopy, CCK-8 Assay, Infection, Expressing, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Standard Deviation

Journal: International Journal of Biological Sciences

Article Title: GATA Binding Protein 4 Regulates Tooth Root Dentin Development via FBP1

doi: 10.7150/ijbs.36567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of GATA4 in DPSCs increased the odonto/osteogenic ability. ( A ) DPSCs infected with lentivirus control and pcDNA-GATA4 were observed under a fluorescence microscope (Bar: 50 μm). ( B ) Protein expression of GATA4 in the DPSCs was tested by western blotting after overexpression of GATA4. ( C ) Quantitative analysis of western blotting bands from (B). ( D ) ALP staining was observed after 7 days of mineralization. ( E ) ARS staining was performed 14 days after mineralization (Bar: 100 μm). ( F ) Quantitative assessment of ALP-positive areas after 7 days of osteogenic induction. ( G ) Semi-quantitative estimation of calcium. Data expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; n = 3. ** P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Recombinant lentivirus of shRNA target GATA4 (shGATA4; 5′-GAATAAATCTAAGACACCA-3′), control lentivirus (shCTRL; 5′-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3′), lentivirus to overexpress GATA4 (pcDNA-GATA4) and blank lentivirus were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Over Expression, Infection, Control, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Expressing, Western Blot, Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: International Journal of Biological Sciences

Article Title: GATA Binding Protein 4 Regulates Tooth Root Dentin Development via FBP1

doi: 10.7150/ijbs.36567

Figure Lengend Snippet: GATA4 enhanced glycolysis by negatively regulating FBP1 in DPSCs. ( A ) Co-immunoprecipitated proteins were then separated using SDS-PAGE and stained. ( B ) Mass spectrometry followed by peptide sequencing identified the two proteins as fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) and isoform CRA_d. ( C ) Immunofluorescence staining revealed that GATA4 co-localizes with FBP1 in the nucleus in DPSCs (Bar: 100 μm). ( D ) Expression pattern of GATA4 during tooth development at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5), E14.5, E15.5, P1, and P14 (Bar: 50 μm). ( E ) FBP1 expression was tested by western blotting after infection with GATA4 lentivirus in DPSCs. ( F ) Quantitative analysis of western blotting bands from (E). ( G ) FBP1 expression was tested by western blotting after GATA4 overexpression in DPSCs. ( H ) Quantitative analysis of western blotting bands from (G). ( I, J ) knockdown of GATA4 resulted in decreased glucose consumption and lactate production. ( K, L ) Overexpression of GATA4 resulted in increased glucose consumption and lactate production. Data expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; n = 3. ** P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Recombinant lentivirus of shRNA target GATA4 (shGATA4; 5′-GAATAAATCTAAGACACCA-3′), control lentivirus (shCTRL; 5′-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3′), lentivirus to overexpress GATA4 (pcDNA-GATA4) and blank lentivirus were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, SDS Page, Staining, Mass Spectrometry, Sequencing, Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Western Blot, Infection, Over Expression, Knockdown, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Translational Medicine

Article Title: CCDC137 knockdown suppresses bladder cancer progression by downregulating SCD

doi: 10.1186/s12967-025-07033-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exploration of potential downstream mechanism and upstream regulators of CCDC137. A Heatmap shows DEGs identified by RNA sequencing in T24-shCtrl and T24-shCCDC137-1 cells. B Bar plot displays GO and KEGG functional enrichment results of downregulated DEGs from RNA sequencing. C GSVA-Hallmark pathway enrichment analysis displayed differences between CCDC137 positive (CCDC137 +) and CCDC137 negative (CCDC137 −) cells based on single-cell sequencing data. D mRNA and protein expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. E DecoupleR was used to analyze differences in transcription factor activity between CCDC137 + and CCDC137 − epithelial cells in single-cell sequencing data. F TF-Target Finder was employed to identify potential upstream transcription factors of CCDC137. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001; ns, no statistical significance

Article Snippet: The shCCDC137 lentiviral particles and corresponding control lentiviral particles (shCtrl) were purchased from Genechem Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Functional Assay, Sequencing, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Translational Medicine

Article Title: CCDC137 knockdown suppresses bladder cancer progression by downregulating SCD

doi: 10.1186/s12967-025-07033-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo validation of CCDC137 regulating tumor growth. A Subcutaneous xenograft models were established in nude mice to validate the regulatory role of CCDC137 in tumor growth. B Tumor volume growth curves were plotted over 28 days after tumor cell inoculation. C Tumor weights of T24-shCtrl and T24-shCCDC137-1 groups were measured on day 28. D The Graphical Abstract described the key results in this study. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001; ns, no statistical significance

Article Snippet: The shCCDC137 lentiviral particles and corresponding control lentiviral particles (shCtrl) were purchased from Genechem Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: In Vivo, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: DECR1 is an androgen-repressed survival factor that regulates PUFA oxidation to protect prostate tumor cells from ferroptosis

doi: 10.1101/865626

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic of DECR1 function in fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation. In order to translocate FAs into the mitochondria, CPT1 converts long-chain acyl-CoA species to their corresponding long-chain acylcarnitine species. This is followed by a dehydrogenation step mediated by acyl CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD) to generate trans-2-enoyl-CoA, the only intermediate that can be processed by downstream enzymes in the β-oxidation process. Many FAs have unsaturated bonds either on an odd-numbered carbon or in the cis-configuration, resulting in the generation of enoyl-CoA intermediates that cannot be directly processed via the downstream β-oxidation enzymes. These FAs require the activity of 3 auxiliary enzymes, ECI1, ECH1 and DECR1 in order to form trans-2-enoyl-CoA before undergoing β-oxidation. DECR1 catalyzes the conversion of either 2-trans,4-cis-dienoyl or 2-trans,4-trans-dienoyl-CoA to 3-trans-enoyl-CoA. A complete cycle of β-oxidation results in the release of the first two carbon units as acetyl-CoA, and a fatty-acyl-CoA minus two carbons. The acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle to produce energy (ATP). The shortened fatty-acyl-CoA is processed again starting with the ACADs to form trans-2-enoyl-CoA either directly or with the aid of the auxiliary enzymes depending on the presence of double bonds. This process continues until all carbons in the fatty acid chain are turned into acetyl-CoA. (B) DECR1 protein expression after 72 hours or 96 hours siRNA transfection. Densitometry quantification of relative DECR1 protein expression was normalized to the HSP90 internal control. (C) Linoleic acid level in LNCaP cells quantified in following 96 hours DECR1 knockdown using GC QQQ targeted metabolomics. (D) Relative quantities of the C10:2 acylcarnitine species in LNCaP cell conditioned medium (left) or cell lysates (right) (n=3). (E) Quantification of ATP levels in LNCaP cell lysates. LNCaP cells were transfected with DECR1 siRNAs for 48 hours and then starved in no-glucose medium and treated with the lipolysis inhibitor DEUP (100µM) in the presence (BSA-LA) or absence (BSA) of the PUFA linoleic acid for 48 hours before measuring ATP levels. ( F) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was assessed in LNCaP cells supplemented with the PUFA linoleic acid (LA) or (G) the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (PA). Each data point represents an OCR measurement. ATP production, maximal mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial spare capacity were assessed. (H) Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) was assessed in LNCaP cells. Each data point represents an ECAR measurement. For experiments (F-H) LNCaP cells were transfected with DECR1 siRNAs for 72 hours, then starved in substrate limited medium for 24 hours; the assay was run in FAO assay medium. (I & J) Metabolites were quantified in LNCaP cells following 96 hours DECR1 knockdown using GC QQQ targeted metabolomics. Data in bar graphs are represented as the mean ± s.e.m (n=3). Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student’s t -test: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01 and **** p <0.0001.

Article Snippet: LNCaP cells were transduced with the universal negative control shRNA lentiviral particles (shControl), DECR1 shRNA lentiviral particles (shDECR1) or hDECR1 (GFP-Puro) designed by GenTarget Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Expressing, Transfection, Control, Knockdown, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: DECR1 is an androgen-repressed survival factor that regulates PUFA oxidation to protect prostate tumor cells from ferroptosis

doi: 10.1101/865626

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cell viability after DECR1 knockdown in non-malignant PNT1 prostate cells; hormone-responsive PCa cell lines (LNCaP and VCaP); castrate-resistant V16D and 22RV1 cell lines and enzalutamide-resistant MR94F cells cultured in full serum media. (B) Cell viability of stable DECR1-overexpressed LNCaP cells cultured in full serum media. Cell viability and cell death were measured using trypan blue exclusion following 96 hours DECR1 knockdown. Percentages are represented relative to the control siRNA; n = 3 independent experiments per cell line. (C) Clonogenic cell survival of LNCaP cells were assessed using colony formation assay. Stable DECR1-overexpressed cells or (D) stable DECR1 knockdown was achieved using two different short hairpin (sh) vectors and DECR1 expression was confirmed using western blot. Cells were cultured for 2 weeks, washed with PBS, fixed with paraformaldehyde and stained with 1% crystal violet for 30 minutes. Colonies with more than 50 cells were counted manually; data shown is representative of n = 2 independent experiments. (E) LNCaP and 22RV1 cell growth in 3D spheres. Spheroids were prepared using the hang drop assay following 48 hours DECR1 knockdown. Spheroid volumes were determined after five days of culturing the cells in 20 µl drops; at least 25 spheres per cell line were assessed using the ReViSP software, n = 3 independent experiments per cell line. (F) LNCaP, 22RV1 and MR49F cell migration and (G) 22RV1 cell invasion were assessed using transwell migration/invasion assay. Cells were transfected with DECR1 siRNA or control siRNA for 48 hours. Equal number of cells were transferred to the upper inserts in serum free medium; lower chambers were filled with medium containing 5% serum as a chemoattractant. Plates were incubated for a further 48 hours. Migrated/invaded cells on the lower face of the inserts were washed with PBS, fixed with paraformaldehyde, stained with 1% crystal violet for 30 minutes, and counted manually; data shown is representative of n = 3 independent experiments. (H) Violin plots of mKi67 and DECR1 mRNA expression in LNCaP tumors (n = 5 mice, shControl; n = 4 mice, shDECR1). (I) Representative KI67 IHC staining of LNCaP tumors. Scale bar, 100µm. Data in bar graphs are represented as the mean ± s.e.m. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001 and **** p <0.0001.

Article Snippet: LNCaP cells were transduced with the universal negative control shRNA lentiviral particles (shControl), DECR1 shRNA lentiviral particles (shDECR1) or hDECR1 (GFP-Puro) designed by GenTarget Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Knockdown, Cell Culture, Control, Colony Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Staining, Software, Migration, Invasion Assay, Transfection, Incubation, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Article Title: A20 promotes colorectal cancer immune evasion by upregulating STC1 expression to block “eat-me” signal

doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01545-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: A20 inhibited antitumor immune response in vivo. a The expression of A20 in mice CT26-luc-GFP cells. b The cell proliferation of CT26-luc-GFP cells detected by CCK8 kit, n = 4. c The experimental scheme of the animal study. d The in vivo images of mice tumors with different treatments were detected by the IVIS bioluminescence imaging system, n = 7. e Statistical analysis of total flux from the IVIS bioluminescence images. f The representative images of the metastatic nodes in lung from BALB/C mice. g The survival curve of mice, n = 7. h The experimental scheme of the animal study. i The images of tumors excised from BALB/C mice at the end of experiments, n = 6. j Tumor weights of the four treatment groups, n = 6. k Tumor growth curves of the four treatment groups, n = 6. l The images of tumors excised from BALB/C mice at the end of experiments, n = 8. m Tumor weights of the four treatment groups, n = 8. n Tumor growth curves of the four treatment groups, n = 8. o – v The infiltration of CD3 (+) (X400), CD8 (+) (X400), CD4 (+) (X200), and Granzyme B(+) (X400) T cells detected by immunohistochemical staining. p -value was calculated by one-way ANOVA analysis. Shctrl+IgG, n = 7, Shctrl+αPD-1, n = 5, A20sh4+IgG, n = 7, A20sh4+αPD-1, n = 3. w – y Flow cytometry analysis of CD8 (+) and CD4 ( + ) T cells of mice spleens ( n = 4 per group). Data was represented as the mean ± SD. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; n.s. not significant

Article Snippet: The shRNAs of A20 or STC1 and a negative shRNA control (shctrl) were cloned into pSIH-H1-puro lentivector (Addgene, USA).

Techniques: In Vivo, Expressing, Imaging, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Inhibition of autophagy enhances apoptosis induced by bortezomib in AML cells

doi: 10.3892/ol.2020.12370

Figure Lengend Snippet: Downregulation of Beclin-1 enhances apoptosis and reduces cell viability induced by bortezomib in NB4 cells. Cells were infected with lentiviruses expressing shRNAs (non-targeting control or Beclin-1). Puromycin-resistant cells were pooled after each infection. (A) Cells transfected with the control shRNA and shBeclin-1 were treated with or without bortezomib (20 nM) for 24 h, and the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, Bcl-2, p62 and Beclin-1, and LC3-I to LC3-II conversion were determined by western blotting. (B) Ratio of Bcl-2 and β-actin expression levels. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent repeats. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. (C) Ratio of LC3-II and β-actin expression levels. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent repeats. **P<0.01. (D) Cells transfected with the control shRNA and shBeclin-1 were treated with bortezomib (20 nM) for 0 and 24 h, and cell viability was assessed using a water-soluble tetrazolium salts-8 assay. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent repeats. ***P<0.001. shRNA/sh, short hairpin RNA; CTRL, control; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.

Article Snippet: Lentiviral particles containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA/sh) Beclin-1 (cat. no. 131209BZ; 5′-CCGACTTGTTCCTTACGGAAA-3′) and shRNA negative control (shCTRL; cat. no. 131127CZ; 5′-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGTTTC-3′) expression vectors were obtained from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd., and were then cloned into pGLV3/H1/GFP-Puro vector (Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.).

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Transfection, shRNA, Western Blot, Standard Deviation